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CARDINAL SOUNDS PLUS
CARDINAL SOUNDS SERIES

Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.The pure, liquid, whistling tones of the male Baltimore Oriole are a herald of springtime in eastern North America.

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In International Phonetic Association (ed.). "Appendix 2: Computer coding of IPA symbols".

^ Ashby, Patricia (2011), Understanding Phonetics, Understanding Language series, Routledge, p. 85, ISBN 978-0340928271.

An Outline of English Phonetics (9th ed.). However, the most striking result is the great divergence of judgments among all the listeners regarding vowels that were distant from Cardinal values. Ladefoged himself drew attention to the fact that the phoneticians who were trained in the British tradition established by Daniel Jones were closer to each other in their judgments than those who had not had this training. He then studied the degree of agreement or disagreement among the phoneticians. He asked eighteen phoneticians to listen to a recording of ten words spoken by a native speaker of Gaelic and to place the vowels on a cardinal vowel quadrilateral.

CARDINAL SOUNDS SERIES

Ladefoged, in a series of pioneering experiments published in the 1950s and 60s, studied how trained phoneticians coped with the vowels of a dialect of Scottish Gaelic. Empirical evidence for this ability in trained phoneticians is hard to come by. This suggests a range of vowels nearer to forty or fifty than to twenty in number. The provision of diacritics by the International Phonetic Association further implies that intermediate values may also be reliably recognized, so that a phonetician might be able to produce and recognize not only a close-mid front unrounded vowel and an open-mid front unrounded vowel but also a mid front unrounded vowel, a centralized mid front unrounded vowel, and so on.

CARDINAL SOUNDS PLUS

The usual explanation of the cardinal vowel system implies that the competent user can reliably distinguish between sixteen Primary and Secondary vowels plus a small number of central vowels. In IPA Numbers, cardinal vowels 1–18 have the same numbers but added to 300. It has been cited as a language with a vowel system that has 8 vowels which are rather similar to the 8 primary cardinal vowels (Ladefoged 1971:67).Ĭardinal vowels 19–22 were added by David Abercrombie. An example of such language is Ngwe, which is spoken in Cameroon. However, some languages contain vowel or vowels that are close to the cardinal vowel(s). Ĭardinal vowels are not vowels of any particular language, but a measuring system. Jones argued that to be able to use the cardinal vowel system effectively one must undergo training with an expert phonetician, working both on the recognition and the production of the vowels. Other vowel sounds are also recognised on the vowel chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Sounds such as these are claimed to be less common in the world's languages.

Cardinal 1 can be produced with rounding somewhat similar to that of Cardinal 8 these are known as 'secondary cardinal vowels'. The lip positions can be reversed with the lip position for the corresponding vowel on the opposite side of the front-back dimension, so that e.g. These eight vowels are known as the eight 'primary cardinal vowels', and vowels like these are common in the world's languages. These degrees of aperture plus the front-back distinction define 8 reference points on a mixture of articulatory and auditory criteria. The other vowels are 'auditorily equidistant' between these three 'corner vowels', at four degrees of aperture or 'height': close (high tongue position), close-mid, open-mid, and open (low tongue position). And is produced with the tongue as low and as far back in the mouth as possible. This sound can be approximated by adopting the posture to whistle a very low note, or to blow out a candle. The vowel is produced with the tongue as far back and as high in the mouth as is possible, with protruded lips. The vowel is produced with the tongue as far forward and as high in the mouth as is possible (without producing friction), with spread lips. Three of the cardinal vowels-, and -have articulatory definitions.